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The Federal Ministry of Science and Research together with its Women and Science Unit, and the Women’s Political Advisory Board to the Minister develop, recommend and fund programmes for the progression of women at Austrian Universities and other research institutions. Their main initiative is fFORTE supporting and promoting women at different levels in their scientific career. The FWF, Austria’s central funding organization for basic research, has established a department for gender issues during its recent reorganization. Two funding programmes have been implemented to advance female researchers. While the Hertha-Firnberg-Programme supports women at the start of their scientific careers (post-docs, aged 40 or under), the Elise-Richter-Programme, which has no age limit for the applicant, is designed to fund highly qualified female scientists in their career development and enable them to apply for professorial positions within Austria or abroad after completion of the programme. Please note that some of the contents regarding Gender Mainstreaming issues are available in German only (such as “facts and figures” or information about the “gender AG”).
BeWiSe Belgian Women in Science - is dedicated to achieving equal and full participation of women in all scientific disciplines and at all levels, by, i.a. creating a network for support and exchange of information, experience and knowledge, organising meetings, seminars and workshops, etc.
Sophia aims at stimulating research and education in women's studies, while establishing contacts between the Flemish communities in Belgium and between the women's movement and the academic world.
In 2001 The National Contact Centre - Women in Science was established at the Institute of Sociology of the Academy of Sciences with the financial support of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. Since then it has initiated and is currently participating in a number of national, as well as international projects. All of which are aimed at shaping the gender discourse in R&D, science policy and human resource policy in the Czech Republic, especially with respect to the position of women in science.
Apart from that, The National Contact Centre Women in Science is member of the Expert Advisory Board “Science in Society” of the European Commission and associated member of the European Platform for Women Scientists (EWPS). The site also provides a very comprehensive collection of links featuring the advancement of women in the Life sciences and in Technology.
The information portal “Infomat” gives a Europe-wide overview on current scholarship and grant opportunities and international networks of scientists as well as upcoming competitions, workshops and conferences.
Gender Equality Work in Denmark is integrated into all public authorities and is organized by the Department of Gender Equality set up under the Minister of Gender Equality. The Department is responsible for Government initiatives in the field of Gender Equality through co-ordination, development and implementation of the Government’s policies and councils and advises the Minister and Parliament in matters concerning gender equality.
A report, a perspective and an action plan for Gender Equality is published annually for the Danish Parliament. Here you will find interesting information on the history and the importance of gender equality issues in Denmark.
2009 marks the 10th anniversary of the European Commission’s engagement concerning specifically women’s participation in research. Since the first publication “Women in Science: Mobilising women to enrich European Research” the actions taken have finally led to a greater involvement of women in all groups, panels and committees within the Framework Programme and to a higher number of women on project evaluation panels. Numbers have risen from about 10% to 34% in FP6 (although the aim was to reach a participation of 40%). Furthermore, the incorporation of gender issues into the Framework Programmes has evolved from Gender Action Plans (GAPs) in FP5 to a simplified and more immediate procedure. Gender mainstreaming is now introduced at the programming and proposal level, thus placing gender specific topics within the programmes that announce open calls for funding and encouraging scientists to incorporate gender equality actions in their proposals. The Commission launched four initiatives, which include the European Platform of Women Scientists for the exchange of good practices and a more effective cooperation between networks, the Helsinki Group, Women in Science and Technology (WiST) and Enlarge Women in Science to East (ENWISE), which is promoting women in science in the new Member States.
WiST, being a part of the wider Women in Industrial Research initiative, was created to analyse gender diversity as a business case. The results of this research group were published in 2006 in: Women in Science and Technology – The Business Perspective.
The Helsinki Group brought together national representatives (civil servants and gender experts) from all the EU Member States and countries to stimulate a coordinated approach to policy development aimed at gender equality in science. They have published national reports on the situation of women scientists, national policies on women and science in Europe (2002) and the update in 2008: “Benchmarking policy measures for gender equality in science”, the latter providing information on the correlation between gender equality policy and women’s participation in research.
Detailed information on gender related activities in the domain of research and technological development can also be found in Women in Science with reference to other relevant links. Ten years of EU activities in “Women and Science” were recapitulated during the conference “Changing research landscapes to make the most of human potential” held in Prague in May 2009. Read the speech Janez Potocnik, the current Commissioner for Science and Research, gave at the opening and test your knowledge of famous women and their achievements in science!
The latest statistics can be seen in the She Figures 2009.
The EC has studied their own post doctoral fellowship programme, The Marie-Curie post doctoral fellowships with regard to female participation. History: Former Commissioner Busquin considered the topic important enough to create a "Women in Science” unit as one of the directorates of the EC. The unit is currently headed by Johannes Klumpers . It commissioned the ETAN report in 2000 chaired by Mary Osborn, the first comprehensive report summarizing the situation of Women in Science in Europe.
A book published from the European Commission "The Heroines of Science from Antiquity to today".
Finland has a well-recognized history of gender equality in research. Here you will find interesting information on the history of Finnish women's road to equality, the Equality Act, women's status in Finland, gendering practices in working life etc. Another very informative webpage on the advancement and current organization of equality issues is the site Equality between women and men in Finland. In science, the Finnish WiTEC branch is involved in projects for women in science, such as Tina, which intends to encourage pupils and young students in making unconventional gender-related career choices.
The Academy of Finland has published the Academy of Finland Equality Plan with information on equality policy and equality matters in Finland, which fall within the scope of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
The Finnish science and technology information service is a provider of key statistics and other data on Finnish science and technology. There are also links for more in-depth information: statistical and other publications, documents and databases.
It might also be worth taking a look at the Finnish gender statistics website. KOTA is a statistical database maintained by the Ministry of Education. It contains data describing university performance by institutions and by fields of study from 1981 onwards.
The University of Helsinki Equality committee promotes equality in the academic community and prevents all discrimination on grounds of gender, age, ethnic or national origin, religion, belief, sexual orientation, disability or any other comparative grounds, and intends to advance the position of women, particularly in working life.
Have a closer view on the women's studies network, its activities and principles. Finnish Maiden is a collection of useful links with regard to gender equality issues in Finland. Women in learning in Finland is an online exhibition of Finnish female scientists.
The French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) is the main publicly-funded research organization in France. It has a special unit devoted to women in science: The Mission for the Place of Women. Their Links page lists about every organization involved in gender equality work in France and has some information on European and International organisations. Many of the web pages are in French only. Read about what Geneviève Hatet-Najar, Director of the Mission for the Place of Women in the CNRS, said in an interview on the advancement of women in science. Here is a report from the national member of the Helsinki group reviewing the situation of women in science in France.
The Ministry of Research and Higher Education issued the Irene Joliot-Curie Prize in 2001. The prize aims at promoting women in research and technology in France highlighting their exemplary scientific career marked by excellence and dynamism. It features four categories: Women and Entrepreneurship, Young Woman Scientist, Woman Scientist of the Year, Mentorship. The prize is endowed with 10.000 Euro for each category. Watch a video about the winners 2008 by category:
Katell Berthelot, Young Woman Scientist
Catherine Langlais, Women and Entrepreneurship
Brigitte Senut, Woman scientist of the Year
The German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) has introduced a number of measures to address gender equality in the sciences and has integrated them into their different funding schemes. In particular these measures include:
- Stipends can be taken on a part time basis
- Fellowships will be automatically extended by 3 months for maternity leave after delivery in order to finish the project in the projected period
- Stipend holders can ask for child care support
- A substitute for the stipend holder will be financed during maternity and parental leave
Apart from that since 2007 funding will only be granted to Universities and SFB if a gender equality plan can be provided and is part of the grant application. Here you will find background information, facts and figures on gender equality in research promotion by the DFG. Please note that further information is currently available in German only.
Watch a video about the newly implemented “Initiative for Excellence”, which has had a huge impact on gender policy at German Universities and on the scientific environment in Germany.
The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has a department concerned with "Frauen in Bildung und Forschung” supporting a number of projects that are aimed at enhancing the chances for women in the science system. They have implemented measures improving the framework conditions for reconciling a career in science and a family, for example by authorizing funds for most publicly funded German institutions enabling them to offer their employees childcare facilities on a cost neutral basis.
The CEWS, Center of Excellence Women and Science is a knowledge and research-based service institute. It provides scientific support concerning the realization of equal opportunity for women and men in science and research and serves as an interface between science and politics in Germany. The scope of their projects is international. But more than that, the center assists highly qualified female individuals to improve their career prospects within the scientific system by offering individual advice and training as well as strategy and concept development. The focus lies on career strategy training for future women professors. Statistics regarding the participation of women in the life sciences in Germany have been published by the Joint Science Conference (GWK).
Further statistics are available at the Statistisches Bundesamt. Based on the US family-friendly-index an audit with Beruf & Familie" can certify the family friendliness of a work environment.
A study on “Karrierewege von ProfessorInnen an Hochschulen in Deutschland” was published in 2003 and a study on compatibility of science and parenthood can be downloaded here. Members of the Scientific Commission, an association of the major scientific institutions in Germany and the German Council of Science and Humanities (Wissenschaftsrat), have issued a statement regarding their Initiative for Equal Opportunities in 2006.
The Kompetenzzentrum, Technik Diversity Chancengleichheit, -Information aims to raise the percentage of women in IT occupations, engineering sciences and informatics through target group oriented project work, effective publicity and in co-operation with nationally and internationally active women expert groups.
In Ireland The Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform addresses all issues of equality in terms of gender, employment, racism and disability by monitoring national and international commitments in Government departments and State agencies and by providing the legal frame work for the equal treatment of women and men across all sectors of society.
Women in Technology and Science, WITS actively promotes women's participation in Science & Technology in Ireland. They are mainly funded by their corporate and individual members’ subscriptions, although specific programmes have been supported/endowed by the EU and the Irish Government. Recently they launched the Re-Enter Programme aiming at women with a background in SET wanting to return to work after a career break of a year or more. The programme combines integrated educational courses with subsequent mentoring and networking opportunities for the successful “graduates”.
Science Foundation Ireland encourages women into science by supporting the development of mechanisms and practices, which aim to ensure equal opportunity for women in science. Three programmes were launched in 2005 to address the under-representation of women in science. Currently there are no open calls.
The most recent and comprehensive study on the presence of women in science and their attitudes toward research and innovation in Italy was published by the no-profit association Observa–Science in Society, together with UNESCO, in 2008: “Women and Science - Italy and the international context”.
Since 1997, the Italian Government has a Ministry for Equal Opportunities. One of its activities is an internet portal called Network for Equal Opportunities aimed at collating and disseminating information on equal opportunities.
The Ministry for Education, University and Research (MIUR) manages a National Operative Programme for equal opportunities (PON Ricerca) aimed at increasing the presence of women on the job market, especially in science and technology, and in particular in the southern regions of Italy.
All main national research institutions have a Committee for Equal Opportunities (CPO), which aim at facilitating the implementation and enforcement of gender equality. The committees monitor the status of women in the different institutions, evaluate possible inequalities among members of their staff and propose actions to overcome discriminations:
CNR (National Research Council)
INFN (National Institute for Nuclear Physics)
ENEA (National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment)
All major Universities have a Committee for Equal Opportunities. The University of Verona has a very active one.
NGOs and networks
The NGO Women and Science was founded in 2003 by a group of scientists and scholars from several disciplines in order to promote activities enhancing and facilitanting women's participation in science and to develop own methods for the analysis of the situation of women in science today.
The Association for a free Women’s University has a section dedicated to Women, Science and Technology
FAiR - Fairness and Accountability in Research is a not-for-profit association founded in 2007 to promote fairness and accountability in scientific research, with specific regard to enhancement of gender equity.
The Italian branch of the International Network Women in Science, Engineering and Technology is hosted by the University of Bologna. Their website includes some statistical data on gender equality in Italian universities. The NGO Arcidonna has an observatory which publishes up-to-date statistics on gender balance in politics and education.
According to an internal study the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) conducted in 1998, the success rate for male and female applicants is identical. Nevertheless, there are fewer female than male grant holders due to a lower number of female applicants. Based on this finding the NWO is constantly monitoring “women in science” and has launched numerous work-life balance measures to increase women’s participation. Thus age limits were abolished and extended time limits (if justified by pregnancy and child care obligations) were implemented.
Special programmes in support of female researchers have been introduced. These include ASPASIA, MEERVOUD and ATHENA. With the ASPASIA programme NWO aims to provide incentives for the promotion of more women to senior university positions, MEERVOUD is designed to enable female post-docs to obtain positions as university lecturers. ATHENA is directed toward talented female researchers within the Division for Chemical Sciences only.
In October 1983 The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs implemented a Women’s Institute aiming to promote and enhance conditions that make social equality possible for both sexes allowing women to participate in all tracks of political, cultural, economic and social life in Spain.
The Ministry of Science and Innovation has a unit for women in science dedicated to promoting positive action measures to encourage the development of a science system that will include women at all levels. To achieve this goal the ministry works together with several other institutions involved in higher education and research. See their latest publication on the participation of women in the public universities in Spain “Academicas en cifras 2007”.
The Women in Science division of the Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) also publishes the numbers regarding female participation in the sciences in Spain on a regular basis. Their link list gives a good view of the institutions involved in gender issues in Spain.
Non-governmental organizations
The Association of Women in Research and Technology (AMIT) was founded in 2001 by a group of female representatives from University, the Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) and Industry. AMIT’s immediate objectives are:
- Providing a network for female scientists
- Raising awareness on the issue of equal opportunity
- Promoting the publication of gender disaggregated statistics
- Reinforcing compliance with recommendations to achieve gender equality in science
They organized an exhibition called “The other half of science" (pdf) in collaboration with CSIC-Generalitat de Catalunya to increase awareness on the contributions women made to science and technology and to show their influence on these fields throughout history.
Here the link to the Spanish branch of the European Association for Women in Science Engineering and Technology (WiTec).
The Association of University Women, created in 1991, organizes annual conferences and gives a prize to a young female researcher.
The ETH Zurich has an Office of Equal Opportunities for Women and Men providing support and counseling to all ETH members. They offer various programmes geared to advance women’s careers in science by arranging mentor-mentee partnerships, offering collegial coaching and providing networking opportunities. Furthermore they organize role model events, where successful female professionals are invited to an informal interview, giving young researchers the opportunity to gain insight into different occupational areas and effective strategies of how to get there. The ETH also provides child care facilities and supports dual career measures when faculty members relocate to Zurich.
There are guidelines published with regard to equality in the written and spoken German language: 12 minutes of linguistic equality 12 minutes of re-thinking and re-writing.
The Swiss National Research Foundation (SNSF) has a women in research unit and is supporting a number of activities, such as mentoring and abolition of all age limits (ended in 2007, but exceptions due to family duties still apply) and four months paid maternity leave. A project leader can ask for extension of project duration or additional funds to employ a substitute to finish the project while a collaborator is on maternity leave. Part time work can be permitted. The standards for equality are anchored in the guidelines. In 1991 the Marie Heim-Vögtlin Programme was established (named after the first Swiss female doctor in Medical Sciences). Since then it has supported well-qualified female PhD and postdoctoral student researchers, who have interrupted or reduced their research activities due to family obligations or to relocation as a result of their partner’s career development. The programme aims to facilitate their professional re-integration into the university system. This specific programme has no age limit for the applicant. Browse through their very extensive link list. Additional Swiss Equal Opportunity links can be found here.
Special funding available for women in science is provided by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems. Vinnmer, a large programme launched in 2007 aims at promoting postdoctoral women researchers. The programme will run until 2014 with a total budget of about SEK 500 million.
The Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality pages contain useful information on the Swedish gender equality policy.
Statistics regarding equality in Sweden can be found here. A very recent and comprehensive publication: Women and Men in Sweden Facts and Figures 2008.
The National Agency for Higher Education has published a number of reports regarding equality. The classic article about gender bias in the distribution of post-doctoral fellowships in Sweden: Nepotism and Sexism in Peer Review" by C. Wenneras and A. Wold, Nature 387, (1997), 341-343. See a similar study undertaken for the EMBO long-term fellowships in the EMBO reports publications and EMBO statistics page.
The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) created in June 2009 by merging the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) and the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS) is taking over BERR’s Science and Society programme, which covers equality and diversity in science in the UK. Within this programme Women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics), an expert group of women, advise, monitor and support the British Government on a strategy for women in STEM. Their publication: A strategy for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology, outlines the obstacles women in STEM face, when entering, staying or returning to an employment in SET (Science, Engineering and Technology) and gives recommendations of how to address these issues. You might also want to browse through the SET FAIR report, the precursor-report to the above mentioned strategy paper. As one of the key recommendations of these publications The UK Resource Centre for Women (UKRC) was launched in 2004. It provides advice on gender equality to Government, Industry and Academia and offers a wide range of products and services to help implement change in workplace culture. Read through their Good Practice Guide for a better working environment in SET. Statistics on women participation in the UK are available here.
There are several accreditation and award schemes recognizing best practice with regard to equality work. The Athena SWAN Charter awards universities in their role as employers of women scientists and engineers. The Charter is jointly funded by the UKRC and Equality Challenge Unit, which supports the higher education sector in promoting equality and diversity within their staff. The Athena Project was established in 1999 with the aim to advance and promote the careers of women in SET in higher education and research in order to achieve a significant increase in the number of women recruited to top posts. Since then they have published fact sheets outlining good practice by SWAN award winner. Statistics on the advancement of women in SET shown by subject and academic level for the years 2005 to 2006 can be viewed here.
The Department of Trade commissioned a report in 2001 to explore ways in which the UK can maximise the return on investments made in training graduates in Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) called Maximising Returns. Emphasis is put on women and women returnees. In a speech Patricia Hewitt, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry and Minister for Women, announced a number of measures taken to support women in science, and returnees to Science, Engineering and Technology.
The Cambridge Association for Women in Science and Engineering, a multidisciplinary membership organization aims to advance the interests of women in science, engineering and technology (SET). View resources especially for returnees into SET here. Find a very comprehensive site for resources regarding gender equality in general here, providing a good overview about the different programmes, funding, networks and organisations in Britain and about some international activities.
The Wellcome Trust (WT) and the research councils have commissioned a report called “Who applies for research funding?” addressing application behaviour of men and women in the UK. The Wellcome Trust has also published a report on women in science, technology and engineering. Get informed about support the WT offers at different stages in a research career. The Career Re-Entry scheme is especially designed for those wanting to return to research after a break of at least two years due to family commitments. Funding will be provided for two to four years depending on seniority before the break and includes the fellow’s salary, as well as research expenses and modest requests for lab equipment. Read about two successful female returnees here.
Another organization giving fellowships for woman returning to science within in the UK is The Daphne Jackson Trust.
The Biochemical Society has made three grants of £500 each available for projects which support and address issues relating to gender inequality in science. One of the Society’s priorities is actively addressing such issues, through increasing awareness of this subject and promoting systems through which the surrounding issues can be effectively addressed.
The Open University offers a career development course (T161) tailored to (female) individuals who have worked in SET before and are looking to return to work in one of these sectors. The course will help building up individual skills as well as confidence to develop an action plan outlining one’s future goals.
Another very helpful resource with regard to career development is provided by Vitae. Vitae is a national organization for the personal, professional and career development of doctoral researchers and research staff, building on the work and activities of the UK GRAD programme and funded by the Research Councils UK. Get some useful information on how to market yourself successfully here.
In 2006, the Royal Society of Chemistry published a report reflecting the reasons why women drop out of research at a much higher rate than their male collegues after having completed their PhD in chemistry. They also give concrete guidelines in “Good Practice in University Science Departments”.
Do Babies Matter? A publication by Mary Ann Mason, Professor and Co-Director, Centre Economics and Family Security at UCB and Marc Goulden, analysing the effect of family formation on the lifelong careers of academic men and women. The second study on this issue Do Babies Matter (Part II), published two years later in 2004, turns the evidence on head by asking what effect careers have on family formation. What happens to men and women after having secured their first assistant professor job? Will they still have children? The short answer to this question is: Men do, but women don’t! The reasons for this quandary are complex, but can be pinpointed to the difficulties women face when attempting to combine work and family in a way that seems reasonable to them. This leaves us with the notion that gender equality in terms of careers and families in academe is still not achieved. Both studies are based in part on the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, an ongoing, biennial study sponsored by the NSF.
High-Achieving Women, 2001, results of a nation wide survey from January 2001 conducted by the Center for Work-Life Policy. The Center is engaged in promoting and implementing workplace policies that enable individuals to realize their full potential regardless of gender, race and class. The Women’s and Gender Studies opened at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1984, offering undergrads at MIT an interdisciplinary approach to gender studies and giving them the opportunity to use gender as a category of analysis and reflect on the phenomenon of gender in their own lives. The provided link list represents a very extensive collection covering a broad variety of topics related to women, women’s studies and feminism. MIT Profiles features an interview with Mildred Dresselhaus, one of the first women to join the faculty at MIT in 1967. Read about her thoughts on the famous MIT report published in 1999 by Nancy Hopkins, MIT, USA: A Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MIT. You might also want to look through the follow-up report to get an idea of what the rfirst eport achieved: MIT 2002: Report of the MIT School of engineering.
A paper by Prof. Lotte Bailyn, Professor of Management (Emerita) at MIT Sloan School of Management published in 2003 also discusses the lessons learnt from the above mentioned MIT report. Here a study indicating that it does matter whether the applicant is perceived as female or male, and showing that women are as capable of gender bias as men: The Impact of Gender on the Review of Gender on the Review of the Curricula Vitae of Job Applicants and Tenure Candidates: A National Empirical Study by Rhea E. Steinpreis, Dawn Ritzke, Katie A. Anders, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Issue: Oct, 1999,
The National Science Foundation (NSF) ADVANCE programme funds projects aimed at developing systemic approaches at Higher Education Institutions. Institutional Transformation awards should include innovative systemic organisational approaches leading to a sustainable institution-wide change resulting in an increase of the participation and advancement of women in academic science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers. The ADVANCE portfolio overview shows the different projects and the Institutional Transformation awardees (2001 2006) websites collection.
The NSF also offers a very extensive data collection showing statistical data analyses regarding the nation’s science and engineering resources. The InfoBrief “Thirty-three years of Women in S&E Faculty Positions” published in June 2008 examines the trends from 1973 to 2006 with respect to the employment of women faculty and shows women as a percentage of full professors and of tenure-track faculty. Report of the Task Force on the Status of Women Faculty in the Natural Sciences and Engineering at Princeton, this is exemplary. The initiative was taken after the stir caused by the MIT report. More studies and articles can be found on the Women in Biology Internet Launch Pages.
General Resources
Women in biology internet launch pages, for all kinds of information.
Blog by Curt Rice, Vice-President for Learning and Development at the University of Tromso.
Germany: Biofrauen
European: Eq-uni is a European discussion list for all those interested in gender equality issues in higher education
UK: Daphnet, for and about women in SET in the UK
Further Women in Science Resources
WiTEC - The European Association for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) which aims to promote and support research into areas relating to women in SET, to support initiatives to promote the Gender Mainstreaming Policy, and to promote regional, national and international awareness and interest in this field.
Women in Science European Index aims to help grasp the special issues female scientists face. Find here the latest reports and surveys for a regular update of the situation across Europe.
Women in Cell Biology WICB, a standing committee of the ASCB since 1992, provides an informative Women in Science Reference list.
UNESCO/ L'Oreal is committed to promoting Women in Science: gives an award and sponsors conferences dealing with the subject. Their site provides links to women's associations and resources for women in science and technology by region and subject. Industrial and commercial resources are also included.
- Chemistry professor Carol Robinson of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom is this year's winner of FEBS and EMBO Women in Science Award...